Estrés Percibido y Consumo de Alcohol en Indígenas / Perceived Stress and Alcohol Consumption in Indigenous

Introducción: En Latinoamérica el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas es causante de problemas relacionados con la salud física, mental y social. La Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas señala que las poblaciones indígenas son vulnerables a presentar problemas con el consumo de alcohol derivado de algunas características como pobreza extrema y rezago educativo, nuestro objetivo fue conocer el efecto del estrés percibido sobre el consumo de alcohol en una población indígena. Material y método: El diseño del estudio fue descriptivo, correlacional, predictivo. Resultados: El estrés percibido se relacionó positiva y significativamente con el número de copas consumidas en un día típico (rs = .211, p‹.01), y con el consumo de alcohol AUDIT (rs= .328, p ‹ .01), sin embargo, se relacionó negativa y significativamente con la edad (rs = -.135, p ‹.05). El Modelo final presentó un efecto significativo en la totalidad del modelo (F (1,110) = 20.126, p = .001), explica el 39.3% de la varianza del consumo de alcohol. Se encontró que el estrés percibido tuvo un efecto positivo y significativo sobre el consumo de alcohol (B =.229, p ‹ .001). Conclusiones: El estrés percibido es un factor que influye en el consumo excesivo de alcohol en las poblaciones indígenas, se considera que el consumo de drogas es una estrategia de afrontamiento para hacer frente a problemas estresantes en la vida diaria. La población presento problemas con el consumo de alcohol excesivo episódico, prevalencias altas en consumo en el último año y consumo dañino (AU)

Introduction: In Latin America, alcoholic beverages consumption is a main reason of problems related to physical, mental and social health. The National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples states that indigenous populations are vulnerable problems related to alcohol consumption because a set of characteristics such as extreme poverty and educational backwardness. Our objective was to determine the effect of perceived stress on alcohol consumption in an indigenous population.Method: Study design was descriptive, correlational, and predictive.Results: Perceived stress was positively and significantly related to the number of drinks consumed in a typical day (rs = .211, p‹.01), it’s also related with alcohol consumption (AUDIT) (rs= .328, p ‹ .01), however, it was negatively and significantly related to age (rs = -.135, p ‹.05). The final Model presented a significant effect in the whole model (F (1,110) = 20.126, p = .001), explaining 39.3% of the variance of alcohol consumption. Perceived stress was found to have a positive and significant effect on alcohol consumption (B =.229, p ‹ .001).Conclusions: Perceived stress is a factor influencing excessive alcohol consumption in indigenous populations, drug use is considered a coping strategy to deal with stressful problems in daily life. The population presented problems with heavy episodic drinking, past year drinking with high prevalence and harmful drinking (AU)

Estilos de crianza parental y consumo de tabaco y alcohol en adolescentes y jóvenes escolarizados / Parenting styles and use of tobacco and alcohol in adolescents and young persons enrolled in school

Objetivo: describir la asociación de los estilos de crianza parental con el consumo de tabaco y alcohol en adolescentes y jóvenes del norte del estado de Nuevo León, México.Método: estudio descriptivo transversal. Población formada por estudiantes de 15 a 23 años de preparatoria y universitarios (N= 1.562) seleccionados por muestreo estratificado. Se midieron variables demográficas y de consumo de sustancias, así como el estilo de crianza percibido en padre y madre mediante la Escala de Steinberg (democrático, indulgente, autoritario, negligente). Se realizó estadística descriptiva y modelos de regresión lineal.Resultados: participaron 448 estudiantes. El 49,6% había consumido tabaco y el 76,6% alcohol alguna vez. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el consumo de alcohol en función del estilo de crianza maternal, más frecuente en caso de estilo negligente (87%). A nivel multivariante, el estilo de crianza negligente del padre (β= 0,15) y mayor edad (β= 0,30) se asociaron a mayor cantidad de cigarros fumados en un día normal (R2= 0,08; p < 0,001). El estilo de crianza democrático de la madre (β= -0,16) y ser hombre (β= -0,25) explicaron una menor cantidad de copas consumidas en un día típico (R2= 0,08; p < 0,001).Conclusiones: la mitad de las personas participantes había consumido alguna vez tabaco y tres cuartas partes alcohol. Percibir al padre con estilo de crianza negligente aumentó la cantidad de tabaco consumido en un día típico. El estilo de crianza democrático de la madre se asoció a menor cantidad de alcohol consumido en un día típico.(AU)

Objective: to describe the association between parental styles and use of tobacco and alcohol in adolescents and young persons from the northern Nuevo León state, Mexico.Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study. The population was formed by 15-to-23-year-old high school and university students (N= 1.562) selected through stratified sampling. Demographic variables and use of substances were measured, as well as the parenting style perceived in their father and mother through the Steinberg Scale (democratic, indulgent, authoritative, neglectful). Descriptive statistics and linear regression models were conducted.Results: in total, 448 students participated in the study; 49.6% of them had smoked and 76.6% had used alcohol at some point. Statistically significant differences were found in the use of alcohol according to the parenting style by their mother, more frequent in the case of neglectful style (87%). At multivariate level, the neglectful parenting style by the father (β= 0.15) and older age (β= 0.30) were associated with a higher number of cigars smoked in a typical day (R2= 0.08; p < 0.001). The democratic parenting style by the mother (β= -0.16) and being male (β= -0.25) explained a lower number of drinks taken during a typical day (R2= 0.08; p < 0.001).Conclusions: half of the participants had smoked at some time, and three fourths of them had drank alcohol. Perceiving a neglectful parenting style in the father increased the amount of tobacco used in a typical day. The democratic parenting style of the mother was associated with a lower volume of alcohol taken in a typical day.(AU)

Inteligencia emocional, satisfacción laboral y consumo de alcohol en el personal de enfermería / Emotional intelligence, job satisfaction and alcohol consumption in nursing staff

Resumen Objetivo: Conocer la relación de la inteligencia emocional (IE), satisfacción laboral y consumo de alcohol en el personal de enfermería que labora en un hospital de tercer nivel de atención. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y correlacional. La muestra fue de 129 profesionales de enfermería que laboran en un hospital de tercer nivel, divididos en áreas críticas y no críticas. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron una Cédula de Datos Socio-demográficos, Trait Meta Mood Scale (TMMS-24), Cuestionario de Satisfacción Laboral S10/12 y AUDIT. Resultados: El 75% fueron mujeres, con estudios de licenciatura, más del 45% consumieron alcohol en la última semana. Se encontró que existe una relación positiva y significativa entre la inteligencia emocional y la satisfacción laboral (rs = .236, p < .001), también se encontró relación negativa y ssignificativa entre la satisfacción laboral y el consumo de alcohol (rs = -.195, p < .05). Conclusiones: Se muestran diferencias entre la IE, la satisfacción laboral y el consumo de alcohol en el personal de enfermería de acuerdo con el área en la que labora. Así mismo se observa la relación positiva entre la IE y la satisfacción llaboral, además de relación negativa entre satisfacción laboral y consumo de alcohol. Este estudio manifiesta la importancia de conocer a profundidad que factores impactan el cuidado que proporciona el personal de enfermería dentro de los servicios hospitalarios y cuáles son los métodos que utilizan para afrontarlos.

Abstract Objective: To know the relationship between emotional intelligence, job satisfaction and alcohol consumption in nursing staff working in a tertiary care hospital. Materials and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational study. The sample consisted of 129 nursing professionals who work in a third level hospital, divided into critical and non-critical areas. The instruments used were a Socio-demographic Data Sheet, Trait Meta Mood Scale (TMMS-24), Job Satisfaction Questionnaire S10/12 and AUDIT. Results: 75% were women, with undergraduate studies, more than 45% consumed in the last week. It was found that there is a positive and significant relationship between emotional intelligence and job satisfaction (rs = .236, p < .001), a negative and significant relationship was also found between job satisfaction and alcohol consumption (rs = -.195, p < .05). Conclusions: Differences are shown between EI, job satisfaction and alcohol consumption in nursing staff according to the area in which they work. Likewise, there is a positive relationship between EI and job satisfaction and a negative relationship between job satisfaction and alcohol consumption. This study demonstrates the importance of knowing in depth what factors impact the care provided by nursing staff within hospital services and what are the methods used to deal with them.

Inteligencia emocional como mediador del craving y el riesgo de recaída en adultos en tratamiento por consumo de alcohol

Objetivos: Analizar el efecto de craving sobre el riesgo de recaída en adultos en tratamiento por alcohol, considerando la Inteligencia Emocional Percibida (IEP) como mediador. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, predictivo, de comprobación de modelo con análisis de mediación. La muestra fue de 274 adultos internos en Centros de Rehabilitación contra las Adicciones (CRCA). Los instrumentos utilizados fueron una Cédula de Datos Sociodemográficos, Cuestionario de Craving por Alcohol, Inventario de Cociente Emocional y Cuestionario de Variables Predictoras de Abandono y Adhesión al Tratamiento. Resultados: Existe una relación inversa entre la IEP, el riesgo de recaída (r = -,381, p <,001) y el craving (r = -,354, p <,001). El craving y el riesgo de recaída se relacionaron positivamente (r = ,218, p <,001). Se reporta un efecto total significativo del craving sobre el riesgo de recaída cuando es mediado por la IE, el cual explica el 11 % de la varianza (B = ,1389; t = 5,688; p <,001). Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio indican que IEP se asocia inversamente con el craving y el riesgo de recaída, además de que la IEP desempeña un papel significativo como mediador en esta relación. Esto sugiere que las personas con altos niveles de IEP disponen de más recursos para gestionar sus emociones, lo que podría ayudar a reducir las conductas de craving y, consecuentemente, sufrir un menor riesgo de recaída en el consumo de alcohol.

Objectives: To analyze the effect of craving on the risk of relapse in adults undergoing alcohol treatment, considering the Perceived Emotional Intelligence (PEI) as a mediator. Materials and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional, predictive study, model checking with mediation analysis. The sample consisted of 274 adults interned in Rehabilitation Centers against Addictions (CRCA). The instruments used were a Sociodemographic Data Card, Alcohol Craving Questionnaire, Emotional Quotient Inventory and Questionnaire of Variables Predictors of Abandonment and Adherence to Treatment. Results: There is an inverse relationship between PEI, the risk of relapse (r = -, 381, p <,001) and craving (r = -, 354, p <,001). Craving and risk of relapse were positively related (r = ,218, p <,001). A significant total effect of craving on the risk of relapse is reported when mediated by EI, which explains 11% of the variance (B = ,1389; t = 5,688; p <,001). Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that PEI is inversely associated with craving and risk of relapse, and that PEI plays a significant role as a mediator in this relationship. This suggests the notion that people with high PEI levels have more resources to manage their emotions, which could help reduce craving behaviors and consequently, suffer a lower risk of relapse into alcohol consumption.

Perceived discrimination and alcohol consumption in an indigenous population / Discriminación percibida y consumo de alcohol en una población indígena

Abstract Introduction Indigenous populations are considered a vulnerable minority and have characteristics such as poverty, difficulties to access food, housing, and educational backwardness; these conditions make them prone to alcohol consumption problems. Dependence on alcohol consumption probably arises as a symbol of protest, challenge, and response to social anguish, which has in turn repercussions in marginal population sectors that have conditions of fragility due to exploitation and discrimination, such as indigenous people. Objective To know the effect of perceived discrimination on alcohol consumption in Mexican indigenous population. Method Research design was descriptive, correlational check-model, with a sample of 362 adults from two indigenous communities. Results A simple linear regression model was performed, which shows a significant effect in the entire model (F[248] = 78.312, p = .001), which explains 49% of the variance of alcohol consumption. A significant positive influence was also found from the perceived discrimination variable (β = .626, p < .001) on alcohol consumption. Discussion and conclusion The studied indigenous communities had characteristics that the literature highlights as risk factors for developing addictive behaviors of alcohol consumption. These results coincide with those of the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples. Indigenous population present discrimination problems that are associated with alcohol consumption problems.

Resumen Introducción Las poblaciones indígenas se consideran minoritarias y vulnerables, y se caracterizan por su pobreza, dificultad para acceder a la alimentación, la vivienda y el rezago educativo. Estas condiciones los vuelven propensos a presentar problemas de consumo de alcohol. La dependencia al consumo de alcohol surge probablemente como símbolo de protesta, reto y respuesta a la angustia social, lo cual repercute en los sectores poblacionales marginales que poseen condiciones de fragilidad por la explotación y discriminación como los pueblos indígenas. Objetivo Conocer el efecto de la discriminación percibida en el consumo de alcohol en poblaciones indígenas mexicanas. Método El diseño del estudio fue descriptivo, correlacional de comprobación de modelo, con una muestra de 362 adultos de dos comunidades indígenas. Resultados Se realizó el modelo de regresión lineal simple el cual muestra efecto significativo en la totalidad del modelo (F[248] = 78.312, p = .001), explica el 49% de la varianza del consumo de alcohol, además se encontró influencia positiva significativa de la variable discriminación percibida (β = .626, p < .001) sobre el consumo de alcohol. Discusión y conclusión Las comunidades indígenas estudiadas poseen características que la literatura destaca como factores de riesgo para desarrollar conductas adictivas de consumo de alcohol, estos resultados coinciden con lo expuesto por la Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas. Las poblaciones indígenas presentan problemas de discriminación que se asocian con los problemas de consumo de alcohol.

Condiciones comunitarias y el consumo problemático de marihuana en adultos jóvenes / Community conditions and the troublesome use of cannabis in young adults

Objetivo: analizar la influencia de las condiciones comunitarias (exposición a la oportunidad de consumo y entorno del barrio) sobre el consumo problemático y reciente de marihuana en adultos jóvenes de una zona rural del norte de Nuevo León, México.Métodos: estudio analítico de casos y controles. Para confirmar el consumo reciente de marihuana se analizó una muestra de fluido oral. Además, se midieron variables sociodemográficas, se aplicó el cuestionario sobre Exposición a la Oportunidad de Consumo, la Escala de Características del Entorno del Barrioy la Prueba de Identificación de Problemas de Consumo deCannabis. Se realizaron modelos multivariantes de regresión logística.Resultados: en el 58,6% de los adultos jóvenes consumidores de marihuana se detectó un consumo reciente. Un 44,2% mostró un riesgo alto de consumo problemático de marihuana. En el modelo de regresión logística para el consumo problemático de marihuana, las variables que contribuyeron fueron la exposición a la oportunidad de consumo (OR= 1,15, IC95%: 1,10-1,21), estudiar (OR= 2,67; IC95%: 1,16-6,13) y trabajar (OR= 2,58; IC95%: 1,04-6,40). En el modelo para el consumo reciente se observó una influencia de la exposición a las oportunidades (OR= 1, 08; IC95%: 1,04-1,18) y el ser hombre (OR= 6,24; IC95%: 2,06-18,98).Conclusiones: la exposición a la oportunidad de consumo de marihuana y el dedicarse solo a estudiar o solo a trabajar fueron variables que influyeron positivamente con el consumo problemático de marihuana. Para el consumo reciente de marihuana influyeron positivamente la exposición a la oportunidad de marihuana y el ser hombre. No se mostró influencia del entorno del barrio con el consumo problemático y reciente de marihuana.(AU)

Objective: to analyse the influence of community conditions (exposure to chance of consumption and neighbourhood environment) on the recent and troublesome use of cannabis in young adults from a rural area of North Nuevo León, Mexico.Methods: an analytical case-control study. In order to confirm the recent use of cannabis, a sample of oral fluid was analysed. Sociodemographic variables were also measured, and the Exposure to Chance of Consumption questionnaire, the Neighbourhood Environment Characteristics Scale and the Test for Detection of Problems with Use of Cannabis were applied. Multivariate models of logistic regression were conducted.Results: recent use was detected in 58.6% of young adult users of cannabis; 44.2% presented high risk of troublesome consumption of cannabis. In the logistic regression model for the troublesome consumption of cannabis, the contributing variables were: exposure to chance of consumption (OR= 1.15, CI95%: 1.10-1.21), studying (OR= 2.67; CI95%: 1.16-6.13) and working (OR= 2.58; CI95%: 1.04-6.40). In the model for recent consumption, influence was observed by exposure to chances (OR= 1. 08; CI95%: 1.04-1.18) and being male (OR= 6.24; CI95%: 2.06-18.98).Conclusions: exposure to chance of cannabis consumption and sole dedication to studying or to working were variables with a positive influence on the troublesome use of cannabis. For recent use of cannabis, there was positive influence by exposure to chance of cannabis and being male. No influence by the neighbourhood environment was shown on troublesome and recent use of cannabis.(AU)

Inteligencia emocional percibida e intención de consumo de alcohol y marihuana en adolescentes / Perceived Emotional Intelligence and Intention of alcohol and marijuana consumption in adolescents

El consumo de alcohol y marihuana ha aumentado en la población adolescente, y en la actualidad se han investigado que la inteligencia emocional percibida, podría ser un factor protector paradisminuir la intención y el consumo de estas sustancias. Objetivo: Identificar la inteligencia emocional percibida y su relación con la intención de consumo de alcohol y marihuana en adolescentesmexicanos. Método: El diseño fue descriptivo correlacional, la muestra estuvo conformada por148 adolescentes, estos presentaron una M = 13.62 (DE = 1.24) años, fueron elegidos bajo unmuestro no probabilístico, por conveniencia. Resultados: Se encontró que la claridad emocionalse correlaciono negativamente con la intención de consumo de alcohol, también se observó quela claridad y reparación emocional fueron predictores de la intención de consumo de alcohol y laclaridad emocional predictor de la intención de consumo de marihuana. Conclusión: Los adolescentes que tienen una menor claridad de sus emociones, tienen una mayor intención de consumode alcohol. Una baja inteligencia emocional percibida predice mayor intención de consumo dealcohol y marihuana. (AU)

Alcohol and marijuana consumption has increased in the adolescent population, and currently it has been investigated that perceived emotional intelligence could be a protective factor to reduce the intention and consumption of these substances. Objective: To identify theperceived emotional intelligence and its relationship with the intention to consume alcohol andmarijuana in Mexican adolescents. Methods: The design was descriptive-correlational, the sample consisted of 148 adolescents, with M = 13.62 (SD = 1.24) years, and they were chosenunder a non-probabilistic sample, by convenience. Results: It was found that emotional claritywas negatively correlated with the intention to consume alcohol. It was also observed thatemotional clarity and emotional repair were predictors of the intention to consume alcoholand emotional clarity was a predictor of the intention to consume marijuana. Conclusion: Adolescents who have lower emotional clarity have a higher intention to consume alcohol. Lowperceived emotional intelligence predicts greater intention to consume alcohol and marijuana (AU)

Clima escolar como factor protector para el consumo de drogas en adolescentes de preparatoria / School climate as a protective factor for substance use in high school adolescents

Resumen Marco contextual: El clima escolar se considera un factor protector para el consumo de drogas. Objetivo: Identificar la asociación del clima escolar con el consumo de drogas por los adolescentes. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo correlacional predictivo. Muestreo por conglomerados unietápico y una muestra de 227 estudiantes de 15 a 18 años. Se aplicó una Cédula de Identificación de Características Personales y Consumo de Drogas y la Escala de Clima Escolar (MDS3). Resultados: Se identificó que cuando existe percepción positiva de seguridad (OR = 0,904; p < 0,01), existe menor consumo de alcohol en la última semana, lo que explica el 8,2% de la varianza. Por otra parte, el clima escolar positivo no predice el consumo de tabaco, sin embargo, existe menor probabilidad de consumo de tabaco en el último año cuando existe una percepción positiva del ambiente escolar (OR = 0,884; p < 0,05). Conclusión: La percepción positiva de seguridad en el clima escolar se asocia con el no consumo de alcohol en la última semana, sin embargo, no predice el consumo de tabaco.

Abstract Background: The school climate is a protective factor for substance use. Objective: To identify the association between school climate and substance use in adolescents. Methodology: Predictive descriptive-correlational study. Single-stage cluster sampling and a sample of 227 students aged 15 to 18 years. A Personal Traits and Drug Consumption Identity Card and the School Climate Survey (MDS3) were applied. Results: Participants had a positive perception of safety (OR = 0.904; p < 0.01). There was less alcohol consumption in the last week, explaining 8.2% of the variance. Although a positive school climate does not predict tobacco use, a positive perception of the school environment results in a lower probability of tobacco use in the last year (OR = 0.884; p < 0.05). Conclusion: Although a positive perception of safety in the school climate is associated with no alcohol consumption in the last week, it does not predict tobacco use.

Resumo Enquadramento: O clima escolar é considerado um fator de proteção para o consumo de drogas. Objetivo: Identificar a associação do clima escolar com o uso de drogas por adolescentes. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo correlacional preditivo. Amostragem por conglomerados num estágio e amostra de 227 alunos de 15 a 18 anos. Foram aplicados o Cartão de Identificação de Características Pessoais e Consumo de Medicamentos e a Escala de Clima Escolar (MDS3). Resultados: Identificou-se que quando há perceção positiva de segurança (OR = 0,904; p < 0,01) há menor consumo de álcool na última semana, explicando 8,2% da variância. Por outro lado, um clima escolar positivo não prediz o uso de tabaco, porém, há menor probabilidade de uso de tabaco no último ano quando há uma perceção positiva do ambiente escolar (OR = 0,884; p < 0,05). Conclusão: A perceção positiva de segurança no clima escolar está associada ao não consumo de álcool na última semana, porém não prediz o uso de tabaco.

Factors in the Transition from Legal to Illicit Drug Use in Young Adults from Northern Mexico.

OBJECTIVES: This research sought to analyze the predictive effect of personal (personality traits), social (social support and social stigma) and community factors (characteristic of the neighborhood and exposure to consumption) on the transition of drug use in young adults. METHODS: Case and control study. The cases were 70 individuals from 18 to 34 years of age who had already transitioned into illicit drug use and the controls were 210 legal drug usuers (tobacco or alcohol) in the same age range who had not had the transition. A data file was applied along with seven instruments that measured the transition and consumption variables. RESULTS: Marihuana was the illicit drug of highest transition. It was shown that greater personality traits of neuroticism, extraversion, and openness to the experience meant higher probability of drug use transition; while greater personality traits of agreeableness and conscience meant lower probability for the transition. The characteristics of the neighborhood environment and exposure to the opportunity of consumption increase the probability of the drug use transition. Social support and social stigma influenced negatively upon the drug use transition. CONCLUSIONS: Personality traits, neighborhood characteristics, exposure to drug use, social support, and the social stigma of drug use are factors that intervene in the transition from legal to illicit drug use.

Clima ético, estrés de conciencia y laboral de enfermeras y médicos que laboran en cuidados intensivos neonatal / Ethical Climate, Stress of Conscience and Work-Related Stress in Nurses and Doctors Working in Neonatal Intensive Care / Clima ético, estresse de consciência e de trabalho em enfermeiros e médicos que trabalham em terapia intensiva neonatal

Resumen: El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la relación entre la percepción del clima ético, el estrés moral y el relacionado con el trabajo. El diseño fue descriptivo correlacional y el muestreo fue tipo censo con un total de muestra de 106 participantes (80 profesionales de enfermería y 26 médicos). Los resultados mostraron que existe una relación negativa y significativa del clima ético con el estrés laboral (r s =-.326, p<.01). Además, se identificó como hallazgo adicional que el clima ético predice el estrés relacionado con el trabajo, tanto en médicos como en enfermeras (R2=7.9, p=.004). La evidencia científica del presente estudio confirma que la bioética como ciencia debe ser competencia de todos los profesionales de la salud y, en particular, de la enfermería, debido a los desafíos éticos y morales de su práctica profesional, especialmente en áreas críticas debido a las políticas, la normatividad y los recursos con los que cuentan el lugar de trabajo. Tanto el clima ético como el estrés moral y laboral deben ser considerados por las Instltuclones de salud, tenlendo en cuenta que pueden Influir negativamente en la salud de los médicos y enfermeras que brlndan los cuidados, lo cual limita la calldad de la atenclón.

Abstract: The objective of this study is to determine relationship between the perception of ethical climate, moral stress and work-related stress. The design was descriptive correlational, and the sampling was census-type with a total sample of 106 participants (80 nursing professionals and 26 doctors). Results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between the ethical climate and work-related stress (r s =-.326, p<.01). An additional finding was that the ethical climate predicts work-related stress, both in doctors and in nurses (R2=7.9, p=.004). Scientific evidence found in this study confirms that bioethics as a science should be a competence required for all health professionals and ,in particular nurses due to the ethical and moral challenges faced in their professional practice, especially in critical areas due to the policies, regulations and resources they count on at the workplace. The ethical climate as well as the moral and work stress have to be considered by the health institutions, taking into account that they can have a negative effect on the doctors and nurses' health, which limits the quality of health care they provide.

Resumo: O objetlvo deste estudo foi determinar a relação entre a percepção do clima ético, do estresse moral e do estresse no âmbito do trabalho. O desenho foi correlacional descritivo e a amostra foi do tipo censo, com uma amostra total de 106 participantes (80 profissionais de enfermagem e 26 médicos). Os resultados mostraram que existe uma relação negativa e significativa entre o clima ético e o estresse no trabalho (rs =-.326, p<.01). Adicionalmente, chegamos à conclusão de que o clima ético prediz o estresse relacionado ao trabalho, tanto em médicos quanto em enfermeiras (R2=7.9, p=.004). As evidências científicas do presente estudo confirmam que a bioética, como ciência, deve ser competência de todos os profissionais de saúde e, em particular, dos enfermeiros, devido aos desafios éticos e morais de sua prática profissional, principalmente em áreas críticas, por causa das políticas, regulamentos e recursos disponíveis no local de trabalho. As instituições de saúde devem considerar tanto o clima ético quanto o estresse moral e ocupacional, já que eles podem influenciar negativamente a saúde dos médicos e enfermeiros que prestam assistência, o que limita a qualidade da atenção.

Factors in the Transition from Legal to Illicit Drug Use in Young Adults from Northern Mexico

Objective. This research sought to analyze the predictive effect of personal (personality traits), social (social support and social stigma) and community factors (characteristic of the neighborhood and exposure to consumption) on the transition of drug use in young adults. Methods. Case and control study. The cases were 70 individuals from 18 to 34 years of age who had already transitioned into illicit drug use and the controls were 210 legal drug usuers (tobacco or alcohol) in the same age range who had not had the transition. A data file was applied along with seven instruments that measured the transition and consumption variables. Results. Marihuana was the illicit drug of highest transition. It was shown that greater personality traits of neuroticism, extraversion, and openness to the experience meant higher probability of drug use transition; while greater personality traits of agreeableness and conscience meant lower probability for the transition. The characteristics of the neighborhood environment and exposure to the opportunity of consumption increase the probability of the drug use transition. Social support and social stigma influenced negatively upon the drug use transition. Conclusion. Personality traits, neighborhood characteristics, exposure to drug use, social support, and the social stigma of drug use are factors that intervene in the transition from legal to illicit drug use.

Objetivo. Analizar el efecto predictivo de factores personales (rasgos de personalidad), sociales (apoyo social y estigma social) y comunitarios (características del barrio y exposición al consumo) sobre la transición del consumo de drogas en jóvenes. Métodos. Estudio de casos y controles. Los casos fueron 70 personas de 18 a 34 años que habían transitado al consumo de drogas ilícitas y los controles fueron 210 personas de la misma edad consumidores de alguna droga lícita (tabaco o alcohol) que no han tenido transición. Se aplicó una cédula de datos y siete instrumentos que midieron las variables de transición y consumo. Resultados. La droga ilegal de mayor transición fue la marihuana. Se mostró que a mayores rasgos de personalidad de neuroticismo, extraversión y apertura a la experiencia fue más alta la probabilidad de la transición del consumo de drogas, por el contrario, a mayores rasgos de personalidad amabilidad y conciencia fue menor fue la probabilidad para la transición. Las características del entorno de barrio y la exposición a la oportunidad de consumo incrementan la probabilidad de la transición del consumo de drogas. El apoyo social y el estigma social influyeron negativamente en la transición del consumo de drogas. Conclusión. Los rasgos de personalidad, las características del barrio, la exposición al consumo de drogas, el apoyo social y el estigma social del consumo de drogas son factores que intervienen en la transición del consumo de drogas legales a ilegales.

Objetivo. Analisar o efeito preditivo de fatores pessoais (características de personalidade), sociais (apoio social e estigma social) e comunitários (características do bairro e exposição ao consumo) sobre a transição do consumo de drogas em jovens. Métodos. Estudo de casos e controles. Os casos foram 70 pessoas de 18 a 34 anos que haviam transitado ao consumo de drogas ilícitas e os controles foram 210 pessoas da mesma idade consumidores de alguma droga lícita (tabaco ou álcool) que não hão tido transição. Se aplicou uma cédula de dados e sete instrumentos que mediram as variáveis de transição e consumo. Resultados. A droga ilegal de maior transição foi a maconha. Se mostrou que as de maiores características de personalidade de neuroticismo, extroversão e apertura à experiência foi mais alta a probabilidade da transição do consumo de drogas; enquanto que a maiores traços de personalidade amabilidade e consciência foi menor foi a probabilidade para a transição. As características do entorno de bairro e a exposição à oportunidade de consumo incrementam a probabilidade da transição do consumo de drogas. O apoio social e a estigma social influenciaram negativamente na transição do consumo de drogas. Conclusão. Os traços de personalidade, as características do bairro, a exposição ao consumo de drogas, o apoio social e a estigma social do consumo de drogas são fatores que intervém na transição do consumo de drogas legais a ilegais.

Motivos para el consumo de alcohol mezclado con bebidas energéticas en estudiantes universitarios de México / Motives for alcohol mixed with energy drinks consumption among Mexican university students

Objetivo. Identificar la relación entre el consumo de alcohol mezclado con bebidas energéticas, los motivos para el consumo de las mismas y la ingesta de alcohol. Material y Método. El presente estudio se llevó a cabo bajo un diseño cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo correlacional. La población estuvo conformada por estudiantes universitarios de 18 a 25 años de edad de una institución privada del norte de México. Resultados. Los motivos de consumo más mencionados por los universitarios fueron los hedonistas (89.7%), seguidos de los sociales. Ambos presentaron una relación positiva con respecto al número de bebidas alcohólicas por ocasión (rs= .233, p < .05 y rs= .225, p < .05 respectivamente). Conclusiones. Los motivos para mezclar el alcohol y bebidas energéticas influyen significativamente en el consumo de las bebidas alcohólicas, además del aumento del consumo de alcohol en los usuarios de la mezcla

Objective. To identify the relationship between alcohol mixed with energy drinks consumption, motives for the consumption of the mix and alcohol intake. Material and methods. Cross-sectional study. The population was conformed of university students from a private institution aged 18 to 25 in northern México. Results. The most mentioned motives were hedonist (89.7%) followed by social motives. Both of them expressed a positive relation with the alcohol consumption refered as number of drinks per occasion (rs= .233, p < .05 and rs= .225, p < .05 respectively). Conclusions. The motives for alcohol mixed with energy drinks consumption influence in a significant way the intake of alcohol mostly by the amount of alcohol or number of drinks per occasion

Violencia escolar y consumo de alcohol en adolescentes en etapa de secundaria. Monterrey, México / Scholar violence and alcohol consumption in junior high school stage adolescents. Monterrey, Mexico

Conocer la violencia escolar en estudiantes de secundaria del estado de Nuevo León y como estas conductas se relacionan con el consumo de alcohol. Material y métodos: diseño descriptivo correlacional, con una muestra aleatoria de 420 estudiantes de secundaria. Se utilizó una cédula de datos personales y de prevalencia de consumo de alcohol, para medir la violencia escolar se utilizó la Escala Indicadores de la Calidad de la Convivencia en Educación Secundaria Obligatoria y para determinar el tipo de consumo de alcohol se utilizó el Cuestionario de Identificación de Desórdenes por el Uso de Alcohol AUDIT. Resultados: el 42.4% de los participantes se vio involucrado en alguna situación de violencia escolar, además no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en función al género para la violencia escolar. El 23% presentó un consumo dependiente y un 14% un consumo sensato. Conclusiones: la violencia escolar y el consumo de alcohol presentaron una relación positiva y significativa...

knows the scholar violence in junior high school students from Nuevo Leon state and how these behaviors are related alcohol use. Material and methods: correlational descriptive design, with a random sample of 420 junior high school students. Was used a charter of personal data and alcohol use prevalence, for measure the scholar violence was used the Quality Indicators scale of Coexistence in Secondary Education and for determinate the kind of alcohol use, was used the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test AUDIT. Results: 42.4% from participants were involved in any scholar violence issue, also did not were found statistically significant differences according to gender for the scholar violence. 23% had a dependent consumption and 14% a sensible consumption. Conclusions: the scholar violence and the alcohol use showed a positive and significant relationship...

Depression in women. Concept analysis from the nursing perspective / Depressão em mulheres. Análise do conceito desde a perspectiva da enfermagem / Depresión en mujeres. Análisis de concepto desde la perspectiva de enfermería

Objective. To identify the elements characterizing the concept of depression in women through the revision of the definitions and uses of the concept in literature, as well as identify its attributes, antecedents, and consequential events. Methodology. Some steps were used from the methodology of the concept's analysis by Walker and Avant. Results. Through the analysis performed, we managed to identify that depression is a complex concept associated to other similar concepts (sadness, melancholy, among others); however, upon elaborating the present analysis it was considered that the main attribute of depression in women was the presence of inhibition or delay of motor functions, as well as the presence of altered frame of mind. Likewise, hormonal alteration was identified as the principal antecedent for its presence. The consequence identified most frequently was that of suicidal thoughts. Conclusion. The study managed to introduce primordial aspects of the concept of depression in women. The use of this concept must be adapted and applied in the daily nursing practice.

Objetivo. Identificar os elementos que caracterizam o conceito de depressão em mulheres através da revisão das definições e usos do conceito na literatura, bem como da identificação dos atributos, antecedentes e consequentes do conceito. Metodologia. Empregaram-se alguns passos da metodologia de análise do conceito de Walker e Avant. Resultados. Mediante a análise realizada se conseguiu identificar que a depressão é um conceito complexo que está sócio a múltiplos conceitos similares (tristeza, melancolia, entre outros), no entanto ao realizar a presente análise se considerou que o principal atributo na depressão na mulher foi a presença de inibição ou atraso das funções motoras, bem como a presença de alteração do estado de ânimo. Assim mesmo se identificou a alteração hormonal como o principal antecedente de que a mulher presente depressão. A consequência que se identifico com mais frequência foi o pensamento suicida. Conclusão. O estudo conseguiu apresentar aspectos primordiais do conceito de depressão em mulheres. O uso deste conceito deve adaptar-se e aplicá-lo na prática diária de enfermagem.

Objetivo. Identificar los elementos que caracterizan el concepto de depresión en mujeres a través de la revisión de las definiciones y usos del concepto en la literatura, así como de la identificación de sus atributos, antecedentes y consecuentes. Metodología. Se emplearon algunos pasos de la metodología de análisis del concepto de Walker y Avant. Resultados. Mediante el análisis realizado se logró identificar que la depresión es un concepto complejo que está asociado a otros similares (tristeza, melancolía, entre otros), sin embargo, al elaborar el presente análisis se consideró que el principal atributo de la depresión en la mujer fue la presencia de inhibición o retraso de las funciones motoras, así como la presencia de alteración del estado de ánimo. Asimismo, se identificó la alteración hormonal como el principal antecedente para su presencia. La consecuencia identificada con más frecuencia fue el pensamiento suicida. Conclusión. El estudio logró presentar aspectos primordiales del concepto de depresión en mujeres. El uso de este concepto debe adaptarse y aplicarse en la práctica diaria de enfermería.

Depresión y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en universitarios mexicanos / Depression and psychoactive substances consumption in Mexican college undergraduates

Objective. To explore the relationship between risk of depression and psychoactive substances consumption in college undergraduates. Methodology. Cross sectional descriptive study in which an instrument that included a) sociodemographic variables, b) Beck depression inventory II (BDI-II) and c) questions about psychoactive substances consumption in life, in the last year and in the last month, was applied to 32 college undergraduates. Results. 52.9% of the students had drunk alcohol and other 33.6% had smoked in the last month. For illicit substances: 3.7% used cocaine, 3.4% marihuana and 0.5% amphetamines. The risk of depression for the sample was: 6.6% had low risk, 3.4% moderate and 1.8% severe risk. Significant differences were found between consumers and non consumers DBI-II means in regards to: alcohol, tobacco, marihuana, and any illicit drug. Conclusion. College undergraduates who have consumed alcohol or marihuana at least once in their life have a higher risk of depression compared to non consumers.

Objetivo. Explorar la relación entre el riesgo de depresión y el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en universitarios. Metodología. Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en el que se aplicó a una muestra representativa de 432 universitarios un instrumento que incluía: a) variables sociodemográficas, b) Inventario de Depresión de Beck II (DBI-II) y c) preguntas sobre el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en la vida, en el último año y en el último mes. Resultados. En el último mes el 52.9% de los estudiantes ha bebido alcohol y otro 33.6% ha consumido tabaco; en cuanto a las sustancias ilícitas: 3.7% cocaína, 3.4% marihuana y 0.5% anfetaminas. El riesgo de depresión para la muestra fue: 6.6% leve; 3.4% moderada y 1.8% grave. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las medianas del DBI-II de consumidores y no consumidores en: alcohol, tabaco, marihuana y alguna droga ilícita. Conclusión. Los universitarios que han consumido alguna vez en la vida alcohol, tabaco o marihuana presentan riesgo de depresión más alto comparado con no consumidores.

Objetivo. Explorar a relação entre o risco de depressão e o consumo de substâncias psicoativas nos universitários. Metodologia. Estudo descritivo de corte transversal, realizado numa mostra representativa de 432 universitários aos que se lhes aplicou um instrumento que incluía: a) variáveis sócio-demográficas, b) Inventário de Depressão de Beck II (DBI-II) e c) perguntas sobre o consumo de substâncias psicoativas na vida, no último ano e no último mês. Resultados. No último mês o 52.9% dos estudantes bebeu álcool e um 33.6% consumiu fumo; para substâncias ilícitas o consumo mensal foi: 3.7% cocaína, 3.4% maconha e 0.5% anfetaminas. O risco de depressão para a mostra se classificou em: 6.6% leve, 3.4% moderada e 1.8% grave. Encontraram-se diferencias significantes entre as médias do DBI-II de consumidores e não consumidores para as substâncias: álcool, fumo, maconha e drogas ilícitas. Conclusão. Os universitários que consumiram fumo ou maconha apresentam risco de depressão mais alto comparado com não consumidores.

[Drugs use as a cultural practice within gangs]. / El consumo de drogas como una práctica cultural dentro de las pandillas.

Today, the social phenomenon of drugs trafficking and violence related to drugs has tended to minimize the implications of drugs consumption in gangs. This article is based on in-depth interviews in young gangs in the metropolitan area of Nuevo León, Mexico, with a view to reflecting on and analyzing the drug as a cultural practice within gangs. In the search for meaning, the first thing that is shown is the beginning of gang members in drugs consumption, and the form how drugs are presented by family members and friends of the gang is described. Next, we described the meaning of drugs use in everyday life and show the extent to which drugs use is acceptable and normalized.

El consumo de drogas como una práctica cultural dentro de las pandillas / O uso de drogas como prática cultural dentro de gangues / Drugs use as a cultural practice within gangs

Actualmente el fenómeno social del narcotráfico y la violencia relacionada a la drogas ha minimizado las implicaciones del consumo de drogas en pandillas. Este artículo se basa en entrevistas semi-estructuradas a profundidad de un estudio realizado con jóvenes de pandillas del área Metropolitana de Nuevo León, México, con el objetivo de reflexionar y analizar el consumo de drogas como práctica cultural dentro de las pandillas. En la búsqueda del significado, lo primero que se muestra es el inicio de los miembros de pandillas en el consumo de drogas, y se describe la forma en que las drogas le son presentadas por la familia y/o los amigos miembros de la pandilla. Posteriormente se describe el significado del uso de drogas en la vida cotidiana de las pandillas y se observa en qué medida su uso es aceptable y normalizado.

O fenômeno social do narcotráfico e da violência, relacionada às drogas, tende, atualmente, a minimizar os envolvimentos do consumo de drogas em gangues. Esse artigo se baseia em entrevistas, aprofundadas, de estudo realizado com jovens de gangues, na área Metropolitana de Nuevo León, México, com o objetivo de refletir e analisar o consumo de drogas como prática cultural, dentro das gangues. Na busca do significado, a primeira coisa mostrada é o início dos membros de gangues no uso de drogas, e se descreve a forma em que as drogas são apresentadas pela família e pelos amigos, membros das gangues. Em seguida, descreve-se o significado do uso de drogas na vida cotidiana e mostra até que ponto sua utilização é aceitável e normal.

Today, the social phenomenon of drugs trafficking and violence related to drugs has tended to minimize the implications of drugs consumption in gangs. This article is based on in-depth interviews in young gangs in the metropolitan area of Nuevo León, Mexico, with a view to reflecting on and analyzing the drug as a cultural practice within gangs. In the search for meaning, the first thing that is shown is the beginning of gang members in drugs consumption, and the form how drugs are presented by family members and friends of the gang is described. Next, we described the meaning of drugs use in everyday life and show the extent to which drugs use is acceptable and normalized.

Self-esteem, perceived self-efficacy, consumption of tobacco and alcohol in secondary students from urban and rural areas of Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.

This study aimed to know the differences, if any, in the consumption of tobacco and alcohol among adolescents from urban and rural areas, and if self-esteem and self-efficacy are related to the consumption in these two groups of adolescents from secondary schools in urban and rural areas of Nuevo León México, from January to June in 2006. The study was based on the theoretical concepts of self-esteem, perceived self-efficacy and consumption of alcohol and tobacco. The design was descriptive and correlational with a sample of 359 students. A substantial difference was found in the consumption of tobacco among secondary students from urban and rural areas (U= 7513.50, p = .03). The average consumption in urban area was higher (average chi = .35) than in the rural area (average chi = .14). A negative and significant relation was found between the quantity of drinks consumed on a typical day and self-esteem (r s = - .23, p <.001), as well as for the quantity of cigarettes consumed on a typical day (r s = - .20, p <.001).

Self-esteem, perceived self-efficacy, consumption of tobacco and alcohol in secondary students from urban and rural areas of Monterrey, Nuevo León, México / Autoestima, autoeficacia percibida, consumo de tabaco y alcohol en estudiantes de educación secundaria de área urbana y rural de Monterrey, Nuevo León, México / Auto-estima, auto-eficácia percebida, consumo de tabaco e álcool entre estudantes do ensino fundamental, das áreas urbana e rural, de Monterrey, Nuevo León, México

This study aimed to know the differences, if any, in the consumption of tobacco and alcohol among adolescents from urban and rural areas, and if self-esteem and self-efficacy are related to the consumption in these two groups of adolescents from secondary schools in urban and rural areas of Nuevo León México, from January to June in 2006. The study was based on the theoretical concepts of self-esteem, perceived self-efficacy and consumption of alcohol and tobacco. The design was descriptive and correlational with a sample of 359 students. A substantial difference was found in the consumption of tobacco among secondary students from urban and rural areas (U= 7513.50, p = .03). The average consumption in urban area was higher (average chi = .35) than in the rural area (average chi = .14). A negative and significant relation was found between the quantity of drinks consumed on a typical day and self-esteem (r s = - .23, p <.001), as well as for the quantity of cigarettes consumed on a typical day (r s = - .20, p <.001).

El propósito del estudio fue conocer si existen diferencias en el consumo de tabaco y alcohol en adolescentes del área urbana y rural y si la autoestima y la autoeficacia se relacionan con el consumo en estos dos grupos de adolescentes que estudian en la educación secundaria en el área urbana y rural de Nuevo León México, entre enero y junio de 2006. El estudio se realizó bajo los conceptos teóricos de autoestima, autoeficacia percibida y consumo de alcohol y tabaco. El diseño fue descriptivo y correlacional. La muestra fue de 359 estudiantes. Se encontró diferencia significativa de consumo de tabaco en estudiantes de secundaria urbana y rural (U= 7513.50, p=.03) siendo más alta la media de consumo en área urbana (media ji =.35) que en la rural (media ji =.14). Se encontró relación negativa y significativa de cantidad de bebidas consumidas en un día típico y la autoestima (r s=-.23, p<.001), así mismo de la cantidad de cigarrillos consumidos en un día típico (r s=-.20, p< .001).

O propósito deste estudo foi verificar diferenças no consumo de tabaco e álcool entre adolescentes das áreas urbana e rural, e se a auto-estima e auto-eficácia se relacionam com o consumo nestes dois grupos de adolescentes do ensino fundamental nas áreas urbana e rural de Nuevo León México, entre janeiro e junho de 2006. Este estudo, descritivo e correlacional, se baseou nos conceitos teóricos de auto-estima, auto-eficácia percebida e consumo de álcool e tabaco. A mostra foi de 359 estudantes. Encontrou-se diferença significativa de consumo de tabaco entre estudantes do ensino fundamental, áreas urbana e rural, (U= 7513.50, p=.03) sendo mais alta a média de consumo em área urbana (média chi =.35) que na rural (média chi =.14). Encontrou-se relação, negativa e significativa, entre quantidade de bebidas consumidas num dia típico e a auto-estima (r s=-.23, p<.001), assim como da quantidade de cigarros consumidos num dia típico (r s=-.20, p< .001).

Trastornos por consumo de alcohol (AUDIT) en adolescentes y jovenes marginales de bandas juveniles de México / Alcohol consumption disorder (AUDIT) for marginal adolescents and youth from juvenile gangs of Mexico

Adolescentes y jóvenes que pertenecem a bandas juveniles con frecuencia son omitidos de las encuestas nacionales sobre consumo de alcohol y drogas. El objetivo del estudio fue conocer los transtornos por consumo de alcohol, y analizar el efecto de factores personales sobre estos, en 125 adolescentes y jóvenes marginales de bandas juveniles de Monterrey, NL, México...